Online Encyclopedia

Articles from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition (1875)
and 10th Edition (1902). Read more...

This Month's Featured Articles (with original 9th Edition illustrations)

Abbey (13 images) • Flight, Flying Machines (45 images) • Mural Decoration (18 images) • Opium (3 images) • Phrenology (1 image) • Railway (45 images) • Sewing Machines (7 images) • Tides (10 images)

Generalities
Encyclopedia • Libraries • Newspapers • Pamphlets • Periodicals • Public Records • Reporting

Philosophy
Philosophy: Philosophy • Aesthetics • Analogy • Arabian Philosophy • Neoplatonism
Famous Philosophers: Abelard • Aristotle • Bacon • Bentham • G. Bruno • Comte • Condillac • Confucius • Descartes • Hobbes • Hume • Kant • Locke • Laozi (Lao Tzu) • James Mill • John Stuart Mill • Plato • Socrates • Socratics • Thoreau • Zeno of Elea
More Philosophy

Religion
General: Religions • Angel • Altar • Freemasonry • Mysticism • Pilgrimage • Spiritualism
Christianity: Christianity • Abbey • Apostolic Fathers • St Thomas Aquinas • St Athanasius • St Augustine • Richard Baxter • St Benedict • St Bernard of Clairvaux • Bible • Jakob Boehme • St Bruno of Cologne • Exorcism • Heresy • Jesuits • Jesus Christ • Martin Luther • Methodism • Missions • Mormons • John Owen • Roman Catholic Church • Saint • Stigmatization • St Ursula • St Francis Xavier • Sunday
More Christianity
Judaism: Kabbalah • Abraham • Adam • Isaac • Moses
Eastern Religions: Buddhism • Mohammedanism (Islam) • Sunnis and Shi'ites • Vedanta
Ancient Egyptian/Greek/Primitive Religion: Animism • Apis • Druidism • Mummy • Mysteries

Social Sciences
Anthropology/Sociology: Anthropology • Cannibalism • Circumcision • Emigration • Gipsies (Gypsies) • Magic • Slavery • Taboo • Totemism • White Magic • Yoruba
Commerce/Economics: Commerce • Apprentice • Exhibitions • Free Trade • Friendly Societies • National Debt • Trade Unions • Wages
Customs/Etiquette: Costume • Cremation • Duel • Funeral Rites
Education: Education • Academy • Examinations • Technical Education
Folklore: Achilles • Anchises • Aesir • Amazons • Apparitions • Arthur • Demonology • Fairies • Fingal • Lycanthropy • Robin Hood • Sea Serpent • Vampire • Witchcraft
Government/Politics: Government • Political Economy • Ambassador • Communism • Municipality • Oneida Community • Socialism
Law: Law • Crime • Criminal Law • Gendarmerie • Police • Adulteration • Agrarian Laws • Blasphemy • Coolie • Divorce • Factory Acts • Folkland • Games, Gaming (Gambling) • Infanticide • Murder, Manslaughter • Narcotics • Negligence • Opium • Ordeal • Piracy • Poor Law • Press Laws • Right of Search • Riot • Suicide • Sunday • Thugs • Torture • Treason • Women, Law Relating To
Occult/Paranormal: Astrology • Divination • Phrenology • Zodiac
Psychology: Psychology • Animal Magnetism • Dream
Public Administration: Cemetery
Social Problems: Famines • Foundling Hospitals • Prison Discipline • Temperance Societies
Social Services/Associations: Club • Societies

Language
English Language • Accent • Alphabet

Science
Science: Physical Sciences
Astronomy: Zodiacal Light
Biology: Animal Kingdom • Biology • Acclimatization • Aquarium • Distribution • Evolution • Mimicry • Taxidermy
Botany: Cactus • Coffee • Garlic • Ginger • Herbarium • Insectivorous Plants • Magnolia • Mulberry • Mushroom • Olive • Papyrus • Peach • Sainfoin • Sunflower • Tea • Teak • Vegetable Kingdom
Chemistry: Chemistry • Alchemy
Mathematics: Algebra • Cryptography • Mathematics • R. Recorde
Mineralogy: Alum • Diamond • Garnet • Jade • Pumice • Ruby
Oceanography: Tides
Physics: Atom • Attraction • Ether
Zoology: Actinozoa • Algae • Annelida • Ant • Ape • Arachnida • Butterflies and Moths • Cricket (insect) • Cuckoo • Dodo • Dog • Dragonfly • Eagle • Elephant • Giraffe • Insects • Jaguar • Kangaroo • Lion • Lizard • Llama • Mammoth • Mosquito • Mouse • Mule • Ostrich • Otter • Owl • Parrot • Parrot Fish • Peacock • Pilchard • Shark • Snake Bird • Snakes • Swan • Teal • Tiger • Walrus • Wolf • Wombat • Woodcock
More Zoology
Famous Scientists:
- Chemists: Berzelius • Black • Boyle • Cavendish • Dalton • Faraday • Gay-Lussac • Glauber • Hales • Helmont • A. von Humboldt • Lavoisier • Liebig • Mariotte • Priestley • Scheele
- Other: Agassiz • Banks • Copernicus • Galileo • Kepler • Leeuwenhoek • Newton • Linnaeus • Volta

Technology
Agriculture: Agriculture • Arboriculture
Building: Cements • Nails
Engineering: Aeronautics • Anchor • Aqueduct • Carriage • Flight, Flying Machines • Pneumatic Despatch • Railway • Sewing Machines • Smoke Abatement • Tramway
Famous Engineers/Inventors: Brunel
Home Economics: Honey
Management: Shorthand
Manufacturing: Baking • Bleaching • Bookbinding • Button • Carpet • Calico Printing • Needle • Perfumery • Rubber (Indian Rubber) • Sail, Sailcloth, Sailmaking • Shoemaking
Medicine: Medicine • Ambulance • Anchylosis • Aphasia • Apoplexy • Cholera • Drunkenness • Elephantiasis • Fever • Homeopathy • Hygiene • Hysteria • Hystero-epilepsy • Medical Jurisprudence • Myelitis • Necrosis • Plague • Poisons • Rabies • Sea Sickness • Sunstroke • Vaccination
Famous Physicians: Galen • Hahnemann • Harvey • Hippocrates • J. Hunter • W. Hunter • Jenner • Paracelsus
Military Science: Admiral • Admiralty • Battering Ram • Battery • Battle • Torpedo • War

The Arts
Fine Arts: Art • Fine Arts
Architecture: Architecture • Hadrian's Wall • Pyramid
Painting: Painting • Drawing • W. Blake • Botticelli • Constable • J. L. David • Dürer • Goya • Hogarth • Ingres • Leonardo • Michelangelo • Murillo • Rembrandt • Rubens • Turner • Velázquez
Sculpture: Bernini
Other Plastic Arts: Amphora • Fresco • Mural Decoration • Pottery and Porcelain • Terra Cotta • Textiles • Wood Carving
Music: Music • Drum • Eisteddfod • Minuet • Music Boxes
Music - Composers: J. S. Bach • C. P. E. Bach • Beethoven • Béranger • Chopin • Handel • Hérold • Mendelssohn • Mozart • Palestrina • Schubert • R. Schumann
Theatre: Rachel
Recreation: Cards (Playing Cards) • Chess • Draughts • Euchre • Legerdemain • Napoleon (Card Game) • Poker • Pyrotechny
Sport: Angling • Archery • Badminton • Billiards • Cricket (game) • Falconry • Games • Shooting • Swimming and Diving • Tennis • Yachting

Literature
General: Anthology • Fable • Punchinello
English: English Literature • Addison • Bunyan • Byron • Caedmon • Chaucer • Coleridge • Defoe • Dickens • Johnson • Keats • Milton • Montagu • Scott • Shakespeare • M. W. Shelley • P. B. Shelley • Thackeray • Wordsworth
Irish: Goldsmith
American: American Literature • Irving • Poe
French: Bossuet • Corneille • Diderot • Marot • Molière • Montaigne • Musset • Racine • Rousseau • Voltaire
German: Goethe • Lessing • Tieck
Italian: Boccaccio • Dante
Spanish: Cervantes • Lope de Vega
Russian: Gogol • Pushkin • Turgenev
Latin: Latin Literature • Catullus • Cicero • Horace • Livy • Lucretius • Petronius • Tacitus • Virgil
Greek: Aeschylus • Aesop • Aristophanes • Demosthenes • Euripides • Herodotus • Homer • Thucydides • Xenophon
Sanskrit: Kalidasa
Persian: Firdausi • Hafiz • Nizami • Rumi • Sa'di
Arabic: Thousand and One Nights
More Literature

Geography
Geography: Geography • Flag • Heraldry
Combined Geography and History (Countries, Cities, etc.):
Africa: Africa • Algeria • Congo • Ethiopia (Abyssinia) • Freetown • Kaffraria, Kaffres • Nile River • Sudan • Zambesi River
Asia: Asia • Aceh (Achin) • Afghanistan • Andaman Islands • Antioch • Arabia • Baghdad • Beijing (Peking) • Borneo • Calcutta • Cambodia • China • Delhi • Dhaka • Elephanta Isle • Guangzhou (Canton) • Herat • Hong Kong • India • Kandahar • Kandy • Kashmir • Khiva • Korea • Laos • Lhasa • Mecca • Mumbai (Bombay) • Nagoya • Nanjing (Nanking) • Shanghai • Sumatra • Tonkin (Tongking)
Central America/Caribbean: Bermuda
Europe: Aberdeen • Alps • Berlin • Crimea • England • France • Germany • Italy • London • Moscow • Mycenae • Paris • Siberia • Spain • Umbria • Mt. Vesuvius
North America: California • Indian Territory • Louisiana • New York City • Quebec • United States • Yosemite
Oceania: Fiji Islands • Friendly Islands (Tonga) • New Guinea • Sydney
South America: Amazon River • Brazil • Rio de Janeiro
More Geography

History
History: History • Genealogy
Prehistory: Archaeology • Mammoth Cave
Ancient World: Babylon • Babylonia and Assyria • Catacombs • Herculaneum • Mesopotamia • Nineveh
Middle Ages & Modern World: Crusades • Free Imperial Cities • Inquisition • Plague • Renaissance
See also under 'Geography' heading above

Biography
Alexander the Great • Augustus Caesar • Pope Alexander VI • Ibn Battuta • Bolivar • Edmund Burke • Julius Caesar • Catherine the Great • Charlemagne • Charles I • Cleopatra • Christopher Columbus • James Cook • Oliver Cromwell • Elizabeth I • Ferdinand II of Aragon • Benjamin Franklin • Frederick the Great • Vasco Da Gama • Edward Gibbon • Henry VIII of England • Alexander von Humboldt • Thomas Jefferson • Ibn Khaldun • Genghis Khan • La Pérouse • Abraham Lincoln • Ferdinand Magellan • Medici Family • Horatio Nelson • Nero • George Peabody • Pericles • William Pitt the Younger • Marco Polo • Maximilien Robespierre • George Washington • Duke of Wellington
More Biography